The digital giants' model is under pressure. With reforms such as international tax, questioning their dominance over the economy as well as their handling of fakenews and online hate, Washington has become anti-Gafa.

The harshest attacks on Gafa are coming from the United States, their primary market and where they are based. During the US presidential campaign, Gafa did not take seriously Joe Biden's inclination to "break" their model. That's how frightened Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple, Microsoft and the whole of Silicon Valley were when they heard Janet Yellen, the future Secretary of Treasury, say in January that they were going to "break" their model.sor, claim in January that an "international tax on digital giants" will allow the United States to collect its "fair share". A position totally at odds with that of Donald Trump. The Republican, at odds with Facebook, which he accused of disadvantaging conservatives, still defended, tooth and nail, the American champions. For four years, he blocked international negotiations on the introduction of a Gafa tax, going so far as to denounce the "stupidity of Macron" and threaten French wines with retaliation. The agreement on an international tax, concluded in July by 132 countries, must be implemented in 2023. But the Gafa are not at the end of their surprises with Joe Biden who surrounds himself with the most advanced personalities in the fight against the "feudalization" of the Gafa on the economy.